{"id":176989,"date":"2007-09-01T19:50:00","date_gmt":"2007-09-02T00:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esse.ca\/la-peur-du-social\/"},"modified":"2022-09-28T08:38:42","modified_gmt":"2022-09-28T13:38:42","slug":"fear-of-the-social","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/esse.ca\/en\/fear-of-the-social\/","title":{"rendered":"Fear of the Social"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For something to say in the meantime I casually observe that these days everybody is bound, at one moment or another is his life, to have the feeling of being a failure. We are agreed on that.<\/p>Michel Houellebecq, Whatever<\/em>1<\/sup><\/a> 1 <\/a> - Michel Houellebecq, Whatever<\/em>, trans. Paul Hammond (London: Serpent\u2019s Tail, 1998 [1994]), 30.<\/span><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Much has been written about fear of the Other and the foreigner. The latter, an exemplary figure for Georg Simmel, embodies the constant and paradoxical tension between the near and the far, here and elsewhere. This position of the Other is often idealized in the figure of the monster or the barbarian, a liminary character who always occupies the border between two worlds: the known and the beyond, the world ordered by the signifier and chaos. The monster is a \u201ctypical\u201d figure, because it personifies the cosmic and spiritual forces which have not yet been \u00adsubjected to the rational order of logos. Its appearance thus \u00adcoincides with the irruption of the subversive into the social. The \u201cOther,\u201d the monster, is the antithesis of common sense, disturbing our registers of meaning and threatening social order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another kind of fear exists, one more specific to our \u00adcontemporary world, which shares this anthropological fear of the Other: the fear of being ignored and unrecognized<\/em> by otherness. The history of \u00adcontemporary social struggles demonstrates, in this respect, a passion for recognition which is manifested in repeated declarations of pride and in the \u00adprofusion of battles for respect and identity (pride marches, the recognition of specific identities, etc.). Individuals today would like to be identified and seen for what they are intrinsically while at the same time feeling that they have worth in the social fabric. These demands have not arisen out of nothing; they appeared alongside a new normalcy of \u00adbehaviour which emerged, in the West, in the mid-twentieth century and which \u00ademphasized individuality, authenticiy and independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This individualism of behaviour is manifested in the increase in demands for autonomy and freedom from former hierarchical and \u00adcommunal structures. Zygmunt Bauman uses the term \u201cfluidification\u201d2<\/sup><\/a> 2 <\/a> - Zygmunt Bauman, La vie liquide<\/em> (Rodez\/Paris: Rouergue\/J. Chambon, 2006).<\/span> to describe our society, which is characterized by emancipation from the identity imposed by tradition and by the idealization of the cult of the \u00adaesthetic construction of the self (to create your own life freely, like a work of art). The maxim \u201cbecome what you are\u201d might be seen as the rallying cry of this contemporary \u201cindividualism,\u201d a term that is often \u00adcompromised but which must be understood, in a broad sense, as the capacity for \u00adself-definition. Individualism, too often understood as \u00adexaggerated \u00adselfishness and detachment from any social bond, is above all a constantly ongoing personal project: claiming the right to master one\u2019s singularity by means of the demand to control one\u2019s life and of resistance to an identity that has been imposed and assigned from without. For Charles Taylor, for example, individualism is also, and above all, expressed through moral conviction and the goal of achieving the Good Society, in which a \u00adrelationship with transcendence is interiorized.3<\/sup><\/a> 3 <\/a> - Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity <\/em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).<\/span> Individual thus intend to make their own ethical choices while at the same time forming social bonds which are freely entered into.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This new model, however, even as it increases an individual\u2019s \u00adfreedom at the expense of the community, creates new problems. Modern individuals are certainly free, but naked; subjected to \u00adthemselves, to the constant search for bearings in a world that has become a horizon of meanings<\/em>. More simply, what had previously been supplied by the original \u00adcommunity (identity, marriage and hierarchical status, culture, \u00adorganization of time, rituals, etc.) has become today something very much constructed by oneself out of reservoirs of knowledge and skills unevenly distributed throughout society: individuals become individual trajectories<\/em> in search of their personal identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, this identity is never \u201cshaped\u201d in complete isolation. It is constantly engaged in a specular relationship with the Other and the world. It comes to terms with the \u201cgiven\u201d as well as with ready-made \u00adelements; it adopts attitudes and ways of living and doing that it borrows from the mediations it enters into. For Fran\u00e7ois de Singly, \u201cThe individual becomes singular only through a process of composition.\u201d4<\/sup><\/a> 4 <\/a> - Fran\u00e7ois de Singly, L\u2019individualisme est un humanisme<\/em> (La Tour  d\u2019Aigues: L\u2019Aube, 2005), 17.<\/span> In other words, we do not \u201csculpt\u201d ourselves in a narcissistic relationship with ourselves; rather, we are a kind of patchwork that borrows from others and needs their recognition. This is the paradox of the process through which our behaviour becomes autonomous: the more individualization advances, the greater the need for security and social bonds becomes apparent. The difference between individualistic and non-individualistic societies is thus not characterized, in de Singly\u2019s view, by a decrease in social bonds but in \u201cthe importance granted to more personal and elective bonds.\u201d Autonomous contemporary individuals do not refuse the social; on the contrary, they over-value every form of attachment as long as it is a part of the process of constructing their identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What remains of our singularity if the Other is no longer there to provide us with a positive image? Nothing, other than emptiness and fear. The absence of any relation or connection to bonds which would provide us with a negative image makes an ontological definition of the self impossible. Put simply, individuals who do not feel recognized are led to believe that their subjectivity has little value. The fear of being \u201c\u00adundefined\u201d and the humiliation of feeling underestimated are thus the most widespread forms of modern anxiety, insinuating themselves into all the empty spaces and sites of uncertainty within modern identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Alain Resnais, C\u0153urs<\/em>, 2006.
photos\u202f: courtoisie | courtesy Christal Films<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Elementary Particles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Michel Houellebecq\u2019s novels are often highly provocative because they construct their dramatic effects around this fear while at the same time creating a constant critique of the individualization of conditions which do not free us but rather democratize doubt and uncertainty and \u00adheighten our sense of frustration. Houellebecq\u2019s anti-heroes are, like everyone else, subjected to the enormous task of becoming the subject of their own existence, but they lack the resources to turn themselves into an ideal self. This inability to construct a presentable \u00adsubjectivity, taken in a reflexive social logic, prevents the hero from advancing towards \u00adotherness (unless in the form of dehumanized and \u00adhypersexual \u00adrelations) and, as a result, makes it impossible to be taken into \u00adconsideration by the Other. These heroes are constantly frustrated at not being \u00adacknowledged, especially in their sexual and romantic \u00adrelations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Houellebecq\u2019s second novel, The Elementary Particles<\/em>, describes modern individuals, hyper-individualized beings who are reduced to the state of monads closed in upon themselves. The combined blows of selfish individualism and capitalism have destroyed \u201cintermediary \u00adcommunities\u201d (the couple, the family, the community)\u2014the last \u201cislands of \u00adprimitive communism [which] separate the individual from the marketplace.\u201d Modern individuals are left to themselves, abandoned in a new state of chaotic nature which operates in an almost brute system of domination. Contemporary individualism is thus the cause and effect of capitalist logic: autonomy and neo-liberalism go hand-in-hand and, although these \u201cemancipatory\u201d values are supposedly granted to all, in fact they are the privilege only of the well-off. Individualism is genetically competitive: under its influence, people become atoms, unattached particles living in a disillusioned and neo-barbarous world unlike the comforting model of the traditional community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, Houellebecq sees two zones of consolation: \u201cIn the midst of the great natural barbarity, human beings have (sometimes) been able to create small places warmed up by love\u2014small, closed, \u00addiscreet spaces where intersubjectivity and love reign.\u201d5<\/sup><\/a> 5 <\/a> - Michel Houellebeck, Les particules \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires<\/em> (Paris: Flammarion, 1998), 88.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Love, he explains between the lines, remains today the most personal and thus most highly valued form of acknowledgement, because the logic of love is the one in which we are most radically construed in the eyes of the Other, the logic in which we give up all our privacy, without our mask. Love is the ideal form of social bond and fear\u2019s worst enemy because it provides social recognition which takes root in the truth about oneself. When we feel loved, we feel intimately acknowledged. Nevertheless, capitalism\u2019s undermining, which gradually contaminates every sphere of social life, will soon also have destroyed these final pockets of acknowledgement and security by transformng love and sexuality into a capitalist meat market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a fact, I mused to myself, that in societies like ours sex truly \u00adrepresents a second system of differentiation, completely \u00adindependent of money; and as a system of differentiation it functions just as \u00admercilessly. The effects of these two systems are, furthermore, strictly \u00adequivalent. Just like unrestrained economic liberalism, and for similar \u00adreasons, \u00adsexual liberalism produces phenomena of absolute \u00adpauperization<\/em>. Some men make love every day, others five or six times in their life, or never. Some make love with dozens of women; others with none. It\u2019s what\u2019s known as the \u201claw of the market.\u201d6<\/sup><\/a> 6 <\/a> -  Michel Houellebecq, Whatever<\/em>, op. cit<\/em>., 99.<\/span>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Alain Resnais, C\u0153urs<\/em>, 2006.
photo\u202f: courtoisie | courtesy Christal Films<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Acknowledging Each Other between The Walls<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In C\u0153urs<\/em> (Private Fears in Public Places<\/em>, 2006), his most recent film, Alain Resnais, even though he examines contemporary ideas about love with care, also depicts the emotional fatigue that the obligation to be oneself involves. The question underlying the film is perhaps the same as that in the work of Houellebecq: how can we enter into social relations when we are not confident of our abilities and are, to use Alain Ehrenberg\u2019s \u00adexpression, \u201ctired of being ourselves\u201d7<\/sup><\/a> 7 <\/a> - Alain Ehrenberg, La fatigue d\u2019\u00eatre soi<\/em> (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1998).<\/span>? But how can we do anything other than form social bonds if we do not want to sink into the fear of non-acknowledgement? The film examines this eternal re-beginning, this impossible adventure on which we are constantly starting out again, which consists in finding the strength to create an identity by meeting the other half-way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The script of C\u0153urs<\/em> deals with the personal lives of two people in restricted social spaces. Resnais analyses this state of affairs by \u00adconstructing his film on the model of \u201cbridges and doors\u201d: opening towards the Other and falling back on an attitude of \u201cas for myself.\u201d This allows him to examine closely the characters\u2019 private lives and to focus the images on the walls which divide up our living spaces but which are also metaphors for the way modern spaces define our identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One by one, the film\u2019s world-weary characters, tempted by the search for an encounter with the Other, hesitate to take the first step. As I remarked above, escaping towards otherness is not to be taken for \u00adgranted, it requires emotional capital, a \u201creservoir of energy\u201d which enables us to confront slightly unpleasant situations8<\/sup><\/a> 8 <\/a> - Pierre Clastres and Edmund Burke, quoted in Jean-Claude Kaufmann, L\u2019\u00ednvention de soi. Une th\u00e9orie de l\u2019identit\u00e9 <\/em>(Paris: Hachette, 2004).<\/span> and take the stage: this is known as self-esteem. Nevertheless, it is impossible to have self-esteem if you don\u2019t throw yourself into the action, because it is in the social realm, in our encounters with the Other, that modern individuals find ethical and cognitive resources, or the energy needed for their actions and thus self-esteem. This game of bridge and door, of opening one\u2019s identity to the Other and of turning in on oneself, is subtly handled by Resnais and is expressed even in the film\u2019s images. The physical walls (the ones \u00adseparating the tiny rooms of our apartments) he focuses on are thus similar to those erected between people who try, one way or another, to acknowledge each other between the porous walls of their subjectivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If, for Virginia Woolf, having \u201ca room of one\u2019s own\u201d was, in both a physical and a poetic sense, the first step towards the emancipation of individuality, today this desire appears, as it does in Resnais\u2019 film, a source of new problems. Walls express metaphorically the process of \u00adindividualization, they mark out singularity and the increase in personal space, but they problematize the definition of boundaries between the Self and the Other. Where is the happy median between opening up to the Other and drawing in upon oneself? Once again, people tired of \u00adholding up their Self, those who no longer have the psychological means to create social bonds are often torn between two antithetical positions: to \u00adwithdraw like Nicole (Laura Morante) into a sort of melancholic introspection or to accumulate like Ga\u00eblle (Isabelle Car\u00e9) a growing number of one-night stands. The beauty of Resnais\u2019 film rests on the metaphoric and visual transposition of these physical and symbolic territories.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Choosing One\u2019s Self<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Choice is the nodal point in the construction of identity. Underlying the process of individualization are the demands of individuals to choose for themselves and make decisions about their lives. It is in this daily \u00adobligation to choose, however, that fear creeps in: fear of being unable to make the right choices about one\u2019s identity, a synonym for the distress and insecurity we have around the self-image we project to others. To fight against this fear, we all must try as best we can to patch together techniques and adapt ways of continuing to engage in social relations. The weakest and most despairing among us, those who no longer have the energy to create a positive image of themselves, give themselves over to inaction and sometimes make a despairing attempt to return to the womb through indecision and a refusal to take responsibility for their lives and most often end up in a state of depression. Being \u00adoneself is the fruit of a permanent struggle in which one must confront the social, the sole antidote for fear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Translated from the French by Timothy Barnard]<\/p>\n

Alain Resnais, Fabien Loszach<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1303,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[281,882],"tags":[],"numeros":[4225],"disciplines":[],"statuts":[335],"checklist":[],"auteurs":[3619],"artistes":[4228],"type_post":[319],"yoast_head":"\nFear of the Social – Esse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esse.ca\/en\/fear-of-the-social\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fear of the Social\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/esse.ca\/en\/fear-of-the-social\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Esse\" \/>\n<meta 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